詹妮弗·k·森田著

2023年10月26日

博彩平台时尚营销与管理学教授贾勒·纳兹曾经因为涂指甲油上学而惹上了麻烦。

Another time someone wiped her eyelashes to make sure she wasn’t wearing mascara.

作为一个生活在伊朗的女孩，每当她外出时，Naasz必须遮住头发，在宽松的束腰外衣下穿长裤，袖子盖住手腕，并盖过膝盖。

“Girls in Iran live in fear of being reprimanded,” she said.

或者更糟。

Last year, Iran’s morality police beat to death 22-year-old Mahsa Amini for allegedly wearing her hijab too loosely. Her death sparked nationwide protests, as well as a government crackdown on the country’s restrictive dress code laws, as women cut their hair and burned their headscarves.

In 萨克拉门托, Naasz couldn’t stop following the news.

“It could’ve been me,” she said. “The stories were heartbreaking. … These really courageous women were taking off their headscarves or just doing very basic things that were getting them arrested, tortured, and killed.

“It seemed like the least we could do was look at what was happening.”

Naasz spent a year curating “见过的伊朗女人,” a collaborative exhibit of art, poetry, and fashion on display in the University Union Gallery through Nov. 16, looking at Iran’s history and women’s struggle for basic human rights.

The exhibit’s opening reception is scheduled for 5 to 6 p.m. 10月26日。

More than 500 people were killed during the protests that followed Amini’s death and hundreds more severely injured, the 联合国 reports. In addition, about 22,000 people have been arrested, including two women journalists who reported Amini’s story.

“The struggle for equality for women is universal,” said Sahar Razavi, director of the Iranian and Middle Eastern Studies Center at 囊状态, who collaborated with Naasz on the exhibit. “The struggles women are facing in Iran feel very removed from us here, but in fact, they are very similar things we fight for here every day.

“One of the things that motivates us both is to help draw those connections for our students, our campus community, and our broader community.”

展出的服装展示了不同形式的头巾，或妇女用来覆盖头发，脖子和耳朵的头巾，以及从头顶到地面覆盖整个身体的chadors。

Naasz even had a family member in Iran send a child’s school uniform with a small headscarf, pants, and mantou, or tunic.

这次展览追溯了伊朗历史的时间轴，从18世纪末限制性的卡扎尔王朝（Qajar Dynasty）统治时期开始，一直到今天，女性被允许穿着的极端变化。

“Women have been told how to dress through the various political powers that have been in control,” Naasz said. “Every time there was a shift in power, you would see it in the way women were told how they had to dress.”

从1924年开始，礼萨·巴列维和后来他的儿子推动了伊朗的现代化。 他向妇女和女孩开放学校，并允许她们穿西式服装，如裙子和连衣裙。

但1936年禁止戴面纱成为另一种形式的镇压。

“Women had to transition from being extremely covered up … to losing their headscarves and having to wear hats or dealing with people harassing them in the street and pulling headscarves off their heads,” Naasz said.

“My great-grandmother lived in this era, and a lot of the women just stayed home. They didn't want to come out, so they pulled out of school and were under house arrest.”

“这些真正勇敢的女性脱下头巾，或者只是做一些非常基本的事情，这些事情会让她们被捕、遭受折磨和杀害。” ——博彩平台时尚营销与管理学教授Jaleh Naasz

“It seemed like the least we could do was look at what was happening.”

这项禁令持续了五年。 在穆罕默德·礼萨·巴列维的统治下，妇女可以选择是否戴头巾，40年来她们享有许多自由。

“My mom worked and lived in Iran during the ’60s and has very fond memories of her fashion and freedoms as a woman there,” Naasz said.

But the Pahlavi’s overthrow and establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979 marked another dramatic shift in women’s rights, and by 1983 wearing the hijab was compulsory.

Razavi drew parallels between women’s rights efforts in Iran and the United States, particularly when it comes to school dress codes and abortion laws.

“In schools, dress codes are almost always for girls and geared toward modesty under the assumption that boys will be distracted by girls’ bodies, and it’s the girls’ responsibility to fix that,” she said. “Which is obviously grossly unfair and completely irrational, but it persists.”

Months before the U.S. Supreme Court in 2022 overturned Roe v. Wade, the landmark 1973 decision protecting a woman’s right to choose, Iran also passed anti-abortion laws.

“Women’s bodily autonomy is being eroded and attacked all over the world,” Razavi said.

“Women in the U.S. look at Iranian women and say, ‘Oh, how horrible.’ But we also need to turn our eyes back on ourselves to see what we’re going through here and how their struggles are echoed and exacerbated by the same social problems.”

Naasz’s family immigrated to California in 1991 when she was 9 years old, but she never forgot the fear.

“There’s no freedom of expression, and it’s hot, and you’re wearing dark cotton clothes in the heat,” she said.

纳兹教授设计和服装制作课程，她的灵感来自去年伊朗抗议期间在校园里收集的秋叶。 她和她的三个女儿在树叶上写下了死去的示威者的名字，并在展览开幕前度过了周末，把他们剪在了自己的衣服上。

这次展览是由大学企业公司资助的。 萨克州立大学伊朗和中东研究中心、妇女和性别研究系、社会科学和跨学科研究学院以及社会学教授Ayad Al-Qazzaz为开幕招待会提供了支持。

“见过的伊朗女人” will be on display in the University Union Gallery through Nov. 16. 画廊的开放时间为周一至周五上午10:30至下午3:30。 特别的晚上时间是星期三和星期四下午5点到8点。